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may 2013 113 avx offers a broad line of solid tantalum capacitors in a wide range of sizes, styles, and ratings to meet any design needs. this catalog combines into one source avxs leaded tanta- lum capacitor information from its worldwide tantalum oper- ations. the tap/tep is rated for use from -55c to +85c at rated voltage and up to +125c with voltage derating. there are three preferred wire forms to choose from which are available on tape and reel, and in bulk for hand insertion. avx has a complete tantalum applications service available for use by all our customers. with the capability to prototype and mass produce solid tantalum capacitors in special configurations, almost any design need can be fulfilled. and if the customer requirements are outside our standard testing, avx will work with you to define and implement a test or screening plan. avx is determined to become the world leader in tantalum capacitor technology and has made, and is continuing to make, significant investments in equipment and research to reach that end. we believe that the investment has paid off with the devices shown on the following pages. section 3: introduction foreword dipped radial capacitors terminal wire tantalum wire resin encapsulation tantalum graphite silver solder manganese dioxide tantalum pentoxide solid tantalum resin dipped series tap/tep the tap/tep resin dipped series of miniature tantalum capacitors is available for individual needs in both commercial and professional applications. from computers to automotive to industrial, avx has a dipped radial for almost any applica- tion.
114 may 2013 figure 1 figure 2 figure 3 wire form c wire form b wire form s d h l s d 2.0 (0.079) min + d l s d h 1 + 4 (0.16) max d h 1 l s d 2 (0.079) min + 2.0(0.08) max figure 4 figure 5 figure 6 wire form f wire form d wire form g d h + 3.8 (0.15) max l s 1.10 +0.25 -0.10 (0.4 +0.010 -0.004 ) s d 0.079 (2) min d h 1 max +0.118 (3.0) l + d h l s d non-preferred wire forms (not recommended for new designs) dimensions millimeters (inches) preferred wire forms packaging wire form figure case size l (see note 1) s d suffixes available* ccs bulk 16.04.00 5.001.00 0.500.05 crw tape/reel c figure 1 a - r* (0.6300.160) (0.2000.040) (0.0200.002) crs tape/ammo b figure 2 a - j* 16.04.00 5.001.00 0.500.05 brw tape/reel (0.6300.160) (0.2000.040) (0.0200.002) brs tape/ammo scs bulk 16.04.00 2.500.50 0.500.05 srw tape/reel s figure 3 a - j* (0.6300.160) (0.1000.020) (0.0200.002) srs tape/ammo non-preferred wire forms (not recommended for new designs) 3.900.75 5.000.50 0.500.05 f figure 4 a - r (0.1550.030) (0.2000.020) (0.0200.002) fcs bulk dcs bulk d figure 5 a - h* 16.04.00 2.500.75 0.500.05 dtw tape/reel (0.6300.160) (0.1000.020) (0.0200.002) dts tape/ammo 16.04.00 3.180.50 0.500.05 g figure 6 a - j (0.6300.160) (0.1250.020) (0.0200.002) gsb bulk similar to 16.04.00 6.351.00 0.500.05 h figure 1 a - r (0.6300.160) (0.2500.040) (0.0200.002) hsb bulk notes: (1) lead lengths can be supplied to tolerances other than those above and should be specified in the ordering information. (2) for d, h, and h 1 dimensions, refer to individual product on following pages. * for case size availability in tape and reel, please refer to pages 121-122. dipped radial capacitors wire form outline solid tantalum resin dipped tap/tep preferred wire forms
may 2013 115 + h d dipped radial capacitors tap series tap is a professional grade device manufactured with a flame retardant coating and featuring low leakage current and impedance, very small physical sizes and exceptional temperature stability. it is designed and conditioned to operate to +125c (see page 151 for voltage derating above 85c) and is available loose or taped and reeled for auto insertion. the 15 case sizes with wide capacitance and working voltage ranges means the tap can accommodate almost any application. maximum case dimensions: millimeters (inches) tap type 475 capacitance code pf code: 1st two digits represent significant figures, 3rd digit represents multiplier (number of zeros to follow) m capacitance tolerance k = 10% m = 20% (for j = 5% tolerance, please consult factory) 035 rated dc voltage scs suffix indicating wire form and packaging (see page 114) how to order wire c, f, g, h b, s, d case h *h 1 d a 8.50 (0.330) 7.00 (0.280) 4.50 (0.180) b 9.00 (0.350) 7.50 (0.300) 4.50 (0.180) c 10.0 (0.390) 8.50 (0.330) 5.00 (0.200) d 10.5 (0.410) 9.00 (0.350) 5.00 (0.200) e 10.5 (0.410) 9.00 (0.350) 5.50 (0.220) f 11.5 (0.450) 10.0 (0.390) 6.00 (0.240) g 11.5 (0.450) 10.0 (0.390) 6.50 (0.260) h 12.0 (0.470) 10.5 (0.410) 7.00 (0.280) j 13.0 (0.510) 11.5 (0.450) 8.00 (0.310) k 14.0 (0.550) 12.5 (0.490) 8.50 (0.330) l 14.0 (0.550) 12.5 (0.490) 9.00 (0.350) m 14.5 (0.570) 13.0 (0.510) 9.00 (0.350) n 16.0 (0.630) 9.00 (0.350) p 17.0 (0.670) 10.0 (0.390) r 18.5 (0.730) 10.0 (0.390) solid tantalum resin dipped capacitors lead-free compatible component
116 may 2013 technical data: all technical data relate to an ambient temperature of +25c capacitance range: 0.10 f to 330 f capacitance tolerance: 20%; 10% (5% consult your avx representative for details) rated voltage dc (v r ) +85c: 6.3 10 16 20 25 35 50 category voltage (v c ) +125c: 4 6.3 10 13 16 23 33 surge voltage (v s ) +85c: 8 13 20 26 33 46 65 surge voltage (v s ) +125c: 5 9 12 16 21 28 40 temperature range: -55c to +125c environmental classification: 55/125/56 (iec 68-2) dissipation factor: 0.04 for c r 0.1-1.5f 0.06 for c r 2.2-6.8f 0.08 for c r 10-68f 0.10 for c r 100-330f reliability: 1% per 1000 hrs. at 85c with 0.1/v series impedance, 60% confidence level. qualification: cecc 30201 - 032 capacitance range (letter denotes case size) capacitance rated voltage dc (v r ) f code 6.3v 10v 16v 20v 25v 35v 50v 0.10 104 aa 0.15 154 aa 0.22 224 aa 0.33 334 aa 0.47 474 aa 0.68 684 ab 1.0 105 a a a c 1.5 155 a a a a d 2.2 225 a a a a b e 3.3 335 a a a b b c f 4.7 475 a a b c c e g 6.8 685 a b c d d f h 10 106 b c d e e f j 15 156 c d e f f h k 22 226 d e f h h k l 33 336 e f f j j m 47 476 f g j k m n 68 686 g h l n n 100 107 h k n n 150 157 k n n 220 227 m p r 330 337 p r values outside this standard range may be available on request. avx reserves the right to supply capacitors to a higher voltage rating, in the same case size, than that ordered. marking polarity, capacitance, rated dc voltage, and an "a" (avx logo) are laser marked on the capacitor body which is made of flame retardant gold epoxy resin with a limiting oxygen index in excess of 30 (astm-d-2863). ? polarity ? capacitance ? voltage ? avx logo ? tolerance code: 20% = standard (no marking) 10% = k on reverse side of unit 5% = j on reverse side of unit 16 10 a + dipped radial capacitors tap series technical specifications
may 2013 117 dipped radial capacitors tap series dcl df esr avx case capacitance (a) % max. () part no. size f max. max. @ 100 khz 25 volt @ 85c (16 volt @ 125c) tap 105( * )025 a 1.0 0.5 4 10.0 tap 155( * )025 a 1.5 0.5 4 8.0 tap 225( * )025 a 2.2 0.5 6 6.0 tap 335( * )025 b 3.3 0.6 6 5.0 tap 475( * )025 c 4.7 0.9 6 4.0 tap 685( * )025 d 6.8 1.3 6 3.1 tap 106( * )025 e 10 2.0 8 2.5 tap 156( * )025 f 15 3.0 8 2.0 tap 226( * )025 h 22 4.4 8 1.5 tap 336( * )025 j 33 6.6 8 1.2 tap 476( * )025 m 47 9.4 8 1.0 tap 686( * )025 n 68 13.6 8 0.8 35 volt @ 85c (23 volt @ 125c) tap 104( * )035 a 0.1 0.5 4 26.0 tap 154( * )035 a 0.15 0.5 4 21.0 tap 224( * )035 a 0.22 0.5 4 17.0 tap 334( * )035 a 0.33 0.5 4 15.0 tap 474( * )035 a 0.47 0.5 4 13.0 tap 684( * )035 a 0.68 0.5 4 10.0 tap 105( * )035 a 1.0 0.5 4 8.0 tap 155( * )035 a 1.5 0.5 4 6.0 tap 225( * )035 b 2.2 0.6 6 5.0 tap 335( * )035 c 3.3 0.9 6 4.0 tap 475( * )035 e 4.7 1.3 6 3.0 tap 685( * )035 f 6.8 1.9 6 2.5 tap 106( * )035 f 10 2.8 8 2.0 tap 156( * )035 h 15 4.2 8 1.6 tap 226( * )035 k 22 6.1 8 1.3 tap 336( * )035 m 33 9.2 8 1.0 tap 476( * )035 n 47 10.0 8 0.8 50 volt @ 85c (33 volt @ 125c) tap 104( * )050 a 0.1 0.5 4 26.0 tap 154( * )050 a 0.15 0.5 4 21.0 tap 224( * )050 a 0.22 0.5 4 17.0 tap 334( * )050 a 0.33 0.5 4 15.0 tap 474( * )050 a 0.47 0.5 4 13.0 tap 684( * )050 b 0.68 0.5 4 10.0 tap 105( * )050 c 1.0 0.5 4 8.0 tap 155( * )050 d 1.5 0.6 4 6.0 tap 225( * )050 e 2.2 0.8 6 3.5 tap 335( * )050 f 3.3 1.3 6 3.0 tap 475( * )050 g 4.7 1.8 6 2.5 tap 685( * )050 h 6.8 2.7 6 2.0 tap 106( * )050 j 10 4.0 8 1.6 tap 156( * )050 k 15 6.0 8 1.2 tap 226( * )050 l 22 8.8 8 1.0 dcl df esr avx case capacitance (a) % max. () part no. size f max. max. @ 100 khz 6.3 volt @ 85c (4 volt @ 125c) tap 335( * )006 a 3.3 0.5 6 13.0 tap 475( * )006 a 4.7 0.5 6 10.0 tap 685( * )006 a 6.8 0.5 6 8.0 tap 106( * )006 b 10 0.5 8 6.0 tap 156( * )006 c 15 0.8 8 5.0 tap 226( * )006 d 22 1.1 8 3.7 tap 336( * )006 e 33 1.7 8 3.0 tap 476( * )006 f 47 2.4 8 2.0 tap 686( * )006 g 68 3.4 8 1.8 tap 107( * )006 h 100 5.0 10 1.6 tap 157( * )006 k 150 7.6 10 0.9 tap 227( * )006 m 220 11.0 10 0.9 tap 337( * )006 p 330 16.6 10 0.7 10 volt @ 85c (6.3 volt @ 125c) tap 225( * )010 a 2.2 0.5 6 13.0 tap 335( * )010 a 3.3 0.5 6 10.0 tap 475( * )010 a 4.7 0.5 6 8.0 tap 685( * )010 b 6.8 0.5 6 6.0 tap 106( * )010 c 10 0.8 8 5.0 tap 156( * )010 d 15 1.2 8 3.7 tap 226( * )010 e 22 1.7 8 2.7 tap 336( * )010 f 33 2.6 8 2.1 tap 476( * )010 g 47 3.7 8 1.7 tap 686( * )010 h 68 5.4 8 1.3 tap 107( * )010 k 100 8.0 10 1.0 tap 157( * )010 n 150 12.0 10 0.8 tap 227( * )010 p 220 17.6 10 0.6 tap 337( * )010 r 330 20.0 10 0.5 16 volt @ 85c (10 volt @ 125c) tap 155( * )016 a 1.5 0.5 4 10.0 tap 225( * )016 a 2.2 0.5 6 8.0 tap 335( * )016 a 3.3 0.5 6 6.0 tap 475( * )016 b 4.7 0.6 6 5.0 tap 685( * )016 c 6.8 0.8 6 4.0 tap 106( * )016 d 10 1.2 8 3.2 tap 156( * )016 e 15 1.9 8 2.5 tap 226( * )016 f 22 2.8 8 2.0 tap 336( * )016 f 33 4.2 8 1.6 tap 476( * )016 j 47 6.0 8 1.3 tap 686( * )016 l 68 8.7 8 1.0 tap 107( * )016 n 100 12.8 10 0.8 tap 157( * )016 n 150 19.2 10 0.6 tap 227( * )016 r 220 20.0 10 0.5 20 volt @ 85c (13 volt @ 125c) tap 105( * )020 a 1.0 0.5 4 10.0 tap 155( * )020 a 1.5 0.5 4 9.0 tap 225( * )020 a 2.2 0.5 6 7.0 tap 335( * )020 b 3.3 0.5 6 5.5 tap 475( * )020 c 4.7 0.7 6 4.5 tap 685( * )020 d 6.8 1.0 6 3.6 tap 106( * )020 e 10 1.6 8 2.9 tap 156( * )020 f 15 2.4 8 2.3 tap 226( * )020 h 22 3.5 8 1.8 tap 336( * )020 j 33 5.2 8 1.4 tap 476( * )020 k 47 7.5 8 1.2 tap 686( * )020 n 68 10.8 8 0.9 tap 107( * )020 n 100 16.0 10 0.6 (*) insert capacitance tolerance code; m for 20%, k for 10% and j for 5% note: voltage ratings are minimum values. avx reserves the right to supply high- er voltage ratings in the same case size. ratings and part number reference
may 2013 121 solid tantalum resin dipped tap/tep tape and reel packaging for automatic component insertion tap/tep types are all offered on radial tape, in reel or ammo pack format for use on high speed radial automatic insertion equipment, or preforming machines. the tape format is compatible with eia 468a standard for component taping set out by major manufacturers of radial automatic insertion equipment. dipped radial capacitors tape and reel packaging tap/tep C available in three formats. see page 122 for dimensions. b wires for normal automatic insertion on 5mm pitch. brw suffix for reel brs suffix for ammo pack available in case sizes a - j c wires for preforming. crw suffix for reel crs suffix for ammo pack available in case sizes a - r s and d wire for special applications, automatic insertion on 2.5mm pitch. srw, dtw suffix for reel srs, dts suffix for ammo pack available in case sizes a - j p 2 p 1 h 3 h 1 p h w 2 w 1 h l d t w s d p p 2 p 1 h 3 h 1 p h w 2 w 1 h l d t w s d p p 2 p 1 h 3 h 2 h 1 p h w 2 w 1 l d t w s d p s wire
122 may 2013 solid tantalum resin dipped tap/tep dipped radial capacitors tape and reel packaging description code dimension feed hole pitch p 12.7 0.30 (0.500 0.010) hole center to lead p 1 3.85 0.70 (0.150 0.030) to be measured at bottom of clench 5.05 1.00 (0.200 0.040) for s wire hole center to component center p 2 6.35 0.40 (0.250 0.020) change in pitch p 1.00 ( 0.040) lead diameter d 0.50 0.05 (0.020 0.003) lead spacing s see wire form table component alignment h 0 2.00 (0 0.080) feed hole diameter d 4.00 0.20 (0.150 0.008) tape width w 18.0 + 1.00 (0.700 + 0.040) - 0.50 - 0.020) hold down tape width w 1 6.00 (0.240) min. hold down tape position w 2 1.00 (0.040) max. lead wire clench height h 16.0 0.50 (0.630 0.020) 19.0 1.00 (0.750 0.040) on request hole position h 1 9.00 0.50 (0.350 0.020) base of component height h 2 18.0 (0.700) min. (s wire only) component height h 3 32.25 (1.300) max. length of snipped lead l 11.0 (0.430) max. total tape thickness t 0.70 0.20 (0.030 0.001) carrying card 0.50 0.10 (0.020 0.005) reel configuration and dimensions: millimeters (inches) diameter 30 (1.18) max. 53 (2.09) max. 80 (3.15) 360 (14.17) max. 45 (1.77) max. 40 (1.57) min. cardboard with plastic hub. holding tape outside manufactured from cardboard with plastic hub. holding tape outside. positive terminal leading. packaging quantities for reels for ammo pack for bulk products style case size no. of pieces a 1500 b, c, d 1250 e, f 1000 g, h, j 750 k, l, m, n, p, r 500 style case size no. of pieces a, b, c, d 3000 e, f, g 2500 h, j 2000 k, l, m, n, p, r 1000 style case size no. of pieces a to h 1000 j to l 500 m to r 100 ammo pack dimensions millimeters (inches) max. height 360 (14.17), width 360 (14.17), thickness 60 (2.36) general notes resin dipped tantalum capacitors are only available taped in the range of case sizes and in the modular quantities by case size as indicated. packaging quantities on tape may vary by 1%. tap tep tap tep tap tep case dimensions: millimeters (inches)
150 may 2013 section 1: electrical characteristics and explanation of terms 1.1 capacitance 1.1.1 rated capacitance (c r ) this is the nominal rated capacitance. for tantalum capaci- tors it is measured as the capacitance of the equivalent series circuit at 20c in a measuring bridge supplied by a 120 hz source free of harmonics with 2.2v dc bias max. 1.1.2 temperature dependence on the capacitance the capacitance of a tantalum capacitor varies with temper- ature. this variation itself is dependent to a small extent on the rated voltage and capacitor size. see graph below for typical capacitance changes with temperature. 1.1.3 capacitance tolerance this is the permissible variation of the actual value of the capacitance from the rated value. 1.1.4 frequency dependence of the capacitance the effective capacitance decreases as frequency increases. beyond 100 khz the capacitance continues to drop until res- onance is reached (typically between 0.5-5 mhz depending on the rating). beyond this the device becomes inductive. typical capacitance vs. temperature % capacitance 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 temperature ( c) -55 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 1.0f 35v cap (f) 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 100hz 1khz 10khz 100khz frequency 1.2 voltage 1.2.1 rated dc voltage (v r ) this is the rated dc voltage for continuous operation up to +85c. 1.2.2 category voltage (v c ) this is the maximum voltage that may be applied continu- ously to a capacitor. it is equal to the rated voltage up to +85c, beyond which it is subject to a linear derating, to 2/3 v r at 125c. 1.2.3 surge voltage (v s ) this is the highest voltage that may be applied to a capaci- tor for short periods of time. the surge voltage may be applied up to 10 times in an hour for periods of up to 30 seconds at a time. the surge voltage must not be used as a parameter in the design of circuits in which, in the normal course of operation, the capacitor is periodically charged and discharged. 100 90 80 70 60 50 percent of 85c rvdc 1 (v r ) 75 85 95 105 115 125 temperature c tap/tep technical summary and application guidelines typical curve capacitance vs. frequency category voltage vs. temperature
may 2013 151 1.2.4 effect of surges the solid tantalum capacitor has a limited ability to withstand surges (15% to 30% of rated voltage). this is in common with all other electrolytic capacitors and is due to the fact that they operate under very high electrical stress within the oxide layer. in the case of solid electrolytic capacitors this is further complicated by the limited self healing ability of the manganese dioxide semiconductor. it is important to ensure that the voltage across the terminals of the capacitor does not exceed the surge voltage rating at any time. this is particularly so in low impedance circuits where the capacitor is likely to be subjected to the full impact of surges, especially in low inductance applications. even an extremely short duration spike is likely to cause damage. in such situa- tions it will be necessary to use a higher voltage rating. 1.2.5 reverse voltage and non-polar operation the reverse voltage ratings are designed to cover exceptional conditions of small level excursions into incorrect polarity. the values quoted are not intended to cover continuous reverse operation. the peak reverse voltage applied to the capacitor must not exceed: 10% of rated dc working voltage to a maximum of 1v at 25c 3% of rated dc working voltage to a maximum of 0.5v at 85c 1% of category dc working voltage to a maximum of 0.1v at 125c 1.2.6 non-polar operation if the higher reverse voltages are essential, then two capacitors, each of twice the required capacitance and of equal tolerance and rated voltage, should be connected in a back-to-back configuration, i.e., both anodes or both cathodes joined together. this is necessary in order to avoid a reduction in life expectancy. 1.2.7 superimposed ac voltage (v rms ) - ripple voltage this is the maximum rms alternating voltage, superimposed on a dc voltage, that may be applied to a capacitor. the sum of the dc voltage and the surge value of the superimposed ac voltage must not exceed the category voltage, v c . full details are given in section 2. 1.2.8 voltage derating refer to section 3.2 (pages 155-157) for the effect of voltage derating on reliability. 85c 125c rated surge category surge voltage voltage voltage voltage (v dc) (v dc) (v dc) (v dc) 2 2.6 1.3 1.7 3422 . 6 4 5.2 2.6 3.4 6 . 3845 10 13 6.3 9 16 20 10 12 20 26 13 16 25 33 16 21 35 46 23 28 50 65 33 40 1.3 dissipation factor and tangent of loss angle (tan d) 1.3.1 dissipation factor (df) dissipation factor is the measurement of the tangent of the loss angle (tan ) expressed as a percentage. the measurement of df is carried out at +25c and 120 hz with 2.2v dc bias max. with an ac voltage free of harmonics. the value of df is temperature and frequency dependent. 1.3.2 tangent of loss angle (tan ) this is a measure of the energy loss in the capacitor. it is expressed as tan and is the power loss of the capacitor divided by its reactive power at a sinusoidal voltage of specified frequency. (terms also used are power factor, loss factor and dielectric loss, cos (90 - ) is the true power factor.) the meas- urement of tan is carried out at +20c and 120 hz with 2.2v dc bias max. with an ac voltage free of harmonics. 1.3.3 frequency dependence of dissipation factor dissipation factor increases with frequency as shown in the typical curves below. 10f 10v 3.3f 25v 1.0f 35v 100 50 20 10 5 2 1 100hz 1khz 10khz 100khz frequency df% typical curve-dissipation factor vs. frequency tap/tep technical summary and application guidelines
152 may 2013 1.3.4 temperature dependence of dissipation factor dissipation factor varies with temperature as the typical curves show to the right. for maximum limits please refer to ratings tables. typical curves-dissipation factor vs. temperature 100f/6v 1f/35v df % 10 5 0 -55 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 125 temperature c 1.4 impedance, (z) and equivalent series resistance (esr) 1.4.1 impedance, z this is the ratio of voltage to current at a specified frequency. three factors contribute to the impedance of a tantalum capacitor; the resistance of the semiconducting layer, the capacitance, and the inductance of the electrodes and leads. at high frequencies the inductance of the leads becomes a limiting factor. the temperature and frequency behavior of these three factors of impedance determine the behavior of the impedance z. the impedance is measured at 25c and 100 khz. 1.4.2 equivalent series resistance, esr resistance losses occur in all practical forms of capacitors. these are made up from several different mechanisms, including resistance in components and contacts, viscous forces within the dielectric, and defects producing bypass current paths. to express the effect of these losses they are considered as the esr of the capacitor. the esr is frequency dependent. the esr can be found by using the relationship: esr = ta n 2fc where f is the frequency in hz, and c is the capacitance in farads. the esr is measured at 25c and 100 khz. esr is one of the contributing factors to impedance, and at high frequencies (100 khz and above) is the dominant factor, so that esr and impedance become almost identical, impedance being marginally higher. 1.4.3 frequency dependence of impedance and esr esr and impedance both increase with decreasing frequency. at lower frequencies the values diverge as the extra contri- butions to impedance (resistance of the semiconducting layer, etc.) become more significant. beyond 1 mhz (and beyond the resonant point of the capacitor) impedance again increases due to induction. esr () 1k 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.1 f 0.33 f 1 f 10 f 33 f 100 f 330 f 100 1k 10k 100k 1m frequency f (hz) impedance (z) esr frequency dependence of impedance and esr tap/tep technical summary and application guidelines
may 2013 153 tap/tep technical summary and application guidelines 1.4.4 temperature dependence of the impedance and esr at 100 khz, impedance and esr behave identically and decrease with increasing temperature as the typical curves show. for maximum limits at high and low temperatures, please refer to graph opposite. 1.5 dc leakage current (dcl) 1.5.1 leakage current (dcl) the leakage current is dependent on the voltage applied, the time, and the capacitor temperature. it is measured at +25c with the rated voltage applied. a protective resist- ance of 1000 is connected in series with the capacitor in the measuring circuit. three minutes after application of the rated voltage the leak- age current must not exceed the maximum values indicated in the ratings table. reforming is unnecessary even after pro- longed periods without the application of voltage. 1.5.2 temperature dependence of the leakage current the leakage current increases with higher temperatures, typical values are shown in the graph. for operation between 85c and 125c, the maximum working voltage must be derated and can be found from the following formula. v max = 1- (t-85) x v r volts 120 where t is the required operating temperature. maximum limits are given in rating tables. 1.5.3 voltage dependence of the leakage current the leakage current drops rapidly below the value corre- sponding to the rated voltage v r when reduced voltages are applied. the effect of voltage derating on the leakage current is shown in the graph. this will also give a significant increase in reliability for any application. see section 3 (pages 155-157) for details. 1.5.4 ripple current the maximum ripple current allowance can be calculated from the power dissipation limits for a given temperature rise above ambient. please refer to section 2 (page 154) for details. 10 1 0.1 leakage current dcl t /dcl 25c -55 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 125 temperature c temperature dependence of the leakage current for a typical component effect of voltage derating on leakage current 1 0.1 0.01 leakage current ratio dcl/dcl @ v r 020 40 60 80 100 % of rated voltage (v r ) typical range 1/35 10/35 47/35 100 10 1 0.1 esr/impedance z () -55 -40 -20 0 +20 +40 +60 +80 +100 +125 temperature t (c) temperature dependence of the impedance and esr
154 may 2013 in an ac application heat is generated within the capacitor by both the ac component of the signal (which will depend upon signal form, amplitude and frequency), and by the dc leakage. for practical purposes the second factor is insignificant. the actual power dissipated in the capacitor is calculated using the formula: p = i 2 r = e 2 r z 2 i = rms ripple current, amperes r = equivalent series resistance, ohms e = rms ripple voltage, volts p = power dissipated, watts z = impedance, ohms, at frequency under consideration using this formula it is possible to calculate the maximum ac ripple current and voltage permissible for a particular application. 2.2 maximum ac ripple voltage (e max ) from the previous equation: e (max) = z p max r where p max is the maximum permissible ripple voltage as listed for the product under consideration (see table). however, care must be taken to ensure that: 1. the dc working voltage of the capacitor must not be exceeded by the sum of the positive peak of the applied ac voltage and the dc bias voltage. 2. the sum of the applied dc bias voltage and the negative peak of the ac voltage must not allow a voltage reversal in excess of that defined in the sector, reverse voltage. 2.3 maximum permissible power dissipation (watts) @ 25c the maximum power dissipation at 25c has been calculated for the various series and are shown in section 2.4, together with temperature derating factors up to 125c. for leaded components the values are calculated for parts supported in air by their leads (free space dissipation). the ripple ratings are set by defining the maximum tempera- ture rise to be allowed under worst case conditions, i.e., with resistive losses at their maximum limit. this differential is normally 10c at room temperature dropping to 2c at 125c. in application circuit layout, thermal management, available ventilation, and signal waveform may significantly affect the values quoted below. it is recommended that temperature measurements are made on devices during operating conditions to ensure that the temperature differ ential between the device and the ambient temperature is less than 10c up to 85c and less than 2c between 85c and 125c. derating factors for temperatures above 25c are also shown below. the maximum permissible proven dissipation should be multiplied by the appropriate derating factor. for certain applications, e.g., power supply filtering, it may be desirable to obtain a screened level of esr to enable higher ripple currents to be handled. please contact our applications desk for information. 2.4 power dissipation ratings (in free air) tar C molded axial section 2: ac operation ripple voltage and ripple current 2.1 ripple ratings (ac) case max. power size dissipation (w) q 0.065 r 0.075 s0.09 w 0.105 temperature derating factors temp. c factor +25 1.0 +85 0.6 +125 0.4 case max. power size dissipation (w) a0.09 b0.10 c 0.125 d0.18 temperature derating factors temp. c factor +20 1.0 +85 0.9 +125 0.4 taa C hermetically sealed axial case max. power size dissipation (w) a 0.045 b0 . 0 5 c 0.055 d0 . 0 6 e 0.065 f 0.075 g0 . 0 8 h 0.085 j0 . 0 9 k0 . 1 l0 . 1 1 m/n 0.12 p0 . 1 3 r0 . 1 4 temperature derating factors temp. c factor +25 1.0 +85 0.4 +125 0.09 tap/tep C resin dipped radial tap/tep technical summary and application guidelines
may 2013 155 section 3: reliability and calculation of failure rate 3.1 steady-state tantalum dielectric has essentially no wear out mechanism and in certain circumstances is capable of limited self healing, random failures can occur in operation. the failure rate of tantalum capacitors will decrease with time and not increase as with other electrolytic capacitors and other electronic components. figure 1. tantalum reliability curve. the useful life reliability of the tantalum capacitor is affected by three factors. the equation from which the failure rate can be calculated is: f = f u x f t x f r x f b where f u is a correction factor due to operating voltage/ voltage derating f t is a correction factor due to operating temperature f r is a correction factor due to circuit series resistance f b is the basic failure rate level. for standard leaded tantalum product this is 1%/1000hours operating voltage/voltage derating if a capacitor with a higher voltage rating than the maximum line voltage is used, then the operating reliability will be improved. this is known as voltage derating. the graph, figure 2, shows the relationship between voltage derating (the ratio between applied and rated voltage) and the failure rate. the graph gives the correction factor f u for any operating voltage. voltage correction factor figure 2. correction factor to failure rate f for voltage derating of a typical component (60% con. level). operating temperature if the operating temperature is below the rated temperature for the capacitor then the operating reliability will be improved as shown in figure 3. this graph gives a correction factor f t for any temperature of operation. temperature correction factor figure 3. correction factor to failure rate f for ambient temperature t for typical component (60% con. level). 20 100.0 10.0 1.0 0.1 0.0 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 temperature (c) correction factor tantalum 1.0000 0.1000 0.0100 0.0010 0.0001 correction factor 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 applied voltage / rated voltage infinite useful life useful life reliability can be altered by voltage derating, temperature or series resistance infant mortalities tap/tep technical summary and application guidelines
156 may 2013 circuit impedance all solid tantalum capacitors require current limiting resistance to protect the dielectric from surges. a series resistor is recommended for this purpose. a lower circuit impedance may cause an increase in failure rate, especially at temperatures higher than 20c. an inductive low imped- ance circuit may apply voltage surges to the capacitor and similarly a non-inductive circuit may apply current surges to the capacitor, causing localized over-heating and failure. the recommended impedance is 1 per volt. where this is not feasible, equivalent voltage derating should be used (see mil handbook 217e). table i shows the correction factor, f r , for increasing series resistance. table i: circuit impedance correction factor to failure rate f for series resistance r on basic failure rate f b for a typical component (60% con. level). example calculation consider a 12 volt power line. the designer needs about 10f of capacitance to act as a decoupling capacitor near a video bandwidth amplifier. thus the circuit impedance will be limited only by the output impedance of the boards power unit and the track resistance. let us assume it to be about 2 ohms minimum, i.e., 0.167 ohms/volt. the operating temperature range is -25c to +85c. if a 10f 16 volt capacitor was designed-in, the operating failure rate would be as follows: a) f t = 0.8 @ 85c b) f r = 0.7 @ 0.167 ohms/volt c) f u = 0.17 @ applied voltage/rated voltage = 75% thus f b = 0.8 x 0.7 x 0.17 x 1 = 0.0952%/1000 hours if the capacitor was changed for a 20 volt capacitor, the operating failure rate will change as shown. f u = 0.05 @ applied voltage/rated voltage = 60% f b = 0.8 x 0.7 x 0.05 x 1 = 0.028%/1000 hours 3.2 dynamic as stated in section 1.2.4 (page 151), the solid tantalum capacitor has a limited ability to withstand voltage and current surges. such current surges can cause a capacitor to fail. the expected failure rate cannot be calculated by a simple formula as in the case of steady-state reliability. the two parameters under the control of the circuit design engineer known to reduce the incidence of failures are derating and series resistance.the table below summarizes the results of trials carried out at avx with a piece of equipment which has very low series resistance and applied no derating. so that the capacitor was tested at its rated voltage. results of production scale derating experiment as can clearly be seen from the results of this experiment, the more derating applied by the user, the less likely the probability of a surge failure occurring. it must be remembered that these results were derived from a highly accelerated surge test machine, and failure rates in the low ppm are more likely with the end customer. circuit resistance ohms/volt fr 3.0 0.07 2.0 0.1 1.0 0.2 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.8 0.1 1.0 capacitance and number of units 50% derating no derating voltage tested applied applied 47f 16v 1,547,587 0.03% 1.1% 100f 10v 632,876 0.01% 0.5% 22f 25v 2,256,258 0.05% 0.3% tap/tep technical summary and application guidelines
may 2013 157 a commonly held misconception is that the leakage current of a tantalum capacitor can predict the number of failures which will be seen on a surge screen. this can be disproved by the results of an experiment carried out at avx on 47f 10v surface mount capacitors with different leakage currents. the results are summarized in the table below. leakage current vs number of surge failures again, it must be remembered that these results were derived from a highly accelerated surge test machine, and failure rates in the low ppm are more likely with the end customer. avx recommended derating table for further details on surge in tantalum capacitors refer to j.a. gills paper surge in solid tantalum capacitors, available from avx offices worldwide. an added bonus of increasing the derating applied in a circuit, to improve the ability of the capacitor to withstand surge conditions, is that the steady-state reliability is improved by up to an order. consider the example of a 6.3 volt capacitor being used on a 5 volt rail. the steady- state reliability of a tantalum capacitor is affected by three parameters; temperature, series resistance and voltage derating. assuming 40c operation and 0.1/volt of series resistance, the scaling factors for temperature and series resistance will both be 0.05 [see section 3.1 (page 154)]. the derating factor will be 0.15. the capacitors reliability will therefore be failure rate = f u x f t x f r x 1%/1000 hours = 0.15 x 0.05 x 1 x 1%/1000 hours = 7.5% x 10 -3 /hours if a 10 volt capacitor was used instead, the new scaling factor would be 0.017, thus the steady-state reliability would be failure rate = f u x f t x f r x 1%/1000 hours = 0.017 x 0.05 x 1 x 1%/1000 hours = 8.5% x 10 -4 / 1000 hours so there is an order improvement in the capacitors steady- state reliability. 3.3 reliability testing avx performs extensive life testing on tantalum capacitors. 2,000 hour tests as part of our regular quality assurance program. test conditions: 85c/rated voltage/circuit impedance of 3 max. 125c/0.67 x rated voltage/circuit impedance of 3 max. 3.4 mode of failure this is normally an increase in leakage current which ultimately becomes a short circuit. number tested number failed surge standard leakage range 10,000 25 0.1 a to 1a over catalog limit 10,000 26 5a to 50a classified short circuit 10,000 25 50a to 500a voltage rail working cap voltage 3.3 6.3 51 0 10 20 12 25 15 35 24 series combinations (11) tap/tep technical summary and application guidelines
158 may 2013 section 5: mechanical and thermal properties, leaded capacitors 5.1 acceleration 10 g (981 m/s) 5.2 vibration severity 10 to 2000 hz, 0.75 mm or 98 m/s 2 5.3 shock trapezoidal pulse 10 g (981 m/s) for 6 ms 5.4 tensile strength of connection 10 n for type tar, 5 n for type tap/tep. 5.5 bending strength of connections 2 bends at 90c with 50% of the tensile strength test loading. 5.6 soldering conditions dip soldering permissible provided solder bath temperature 270c; solder time <3 sec.; circuit board thickness 1.0 mm. 5.7 installation instructions the upper temperature limit (maximum capacitor surface temperature) must not be exceeded even under the most unfavorable conditions when the capacitor is installed. this must be considered particularly when it is positioned near components which radiate heat strongly (e.g., valves and power transistors). furthermore, care must be taken, when bending the wires, that the bending forces do not strain the capacitor housing. 5.8 installation position no restriction. 5.9 soldering instructions fluxes containing acids must not be used. section 4: application guidelines for tantalum capacitors dangerous range allowable range with preheat allowable range with care 270 260 250 240 230 220 210 200 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 soldering time (secs.) allowable range of peak temp./time combination for wave soldering temperature ( o c) *see appropriate product specification tap/tep technical summary and application guidelines 4.1 soldering conditions and board attachment the soldering temperature and time should be the minimum for a good connection. a suitable combination for wavesoldering is 230c - 250c for 3 - 5 seconds. small parametric shifts may be noted immediately after wave solder, components should be allowed to stabilize at room temperature prior to electrical testing. avx leaded tantalum capacitors are designed for wave soldering operations. 4.2 recommended soldering profiles recommended wave soldering profile for mounting of tantalum capacitors is shown below. after soldering the assembly should preferably be allowed to cool naturally. in the event that assisted cooling is used, the rate of change in temperature should not exceed that used in reflow.

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